Igihe umuyobozi w’amasoko agereranya .Ubwogero bw'amadolari 45kuriUbwogero bw'amadolari 120, ubudasa buboneka ni buke cane. Ivyo vyose ni ivy’umweru. Ivyo vyose ni ivy’ivyuma. Bompi barapfuka.Ikibazo kijana umuntu afata ingingo yo kugura ni iki: ni igiki nyabuna uriko uriha?

Nk’umuhinguzi w’ibikoresho vy’isuku n’Imyaka 15y’ubumenyi mu bijanye n’uguhingura, iki kiganiro kiratanga icegeranyo c’ubuhinga c’Ibintu bineivyo bigaragaza nimba igikoresho c’isuku c’ivyuma kizokora nezaImyaka 5 canke imyaka 25. Ivyo ni vyo bimenyetso bihambaye - n'ivyo benshi mu bitabo bitavuga.

Igishushanyo ca 1:Ibumba ryiza cane (ibubamfu) n'ibumba ry'agaciro gatoyi rifise ubuhumane bw'icuma (iburyo)

1. Ibikoresho vya mbere: Ubwiza bw’ibumba rya Kaolin ni co gitangura

Ubwiza bw'ivyuma buramenyekanaimbereigicuruzwa cinjira mw’ifuru. Bitangura n’ibikoresho vya mbere vy’igipande - umuvango w’ibumba ry’amazi risukwa mu bibumbano vy’impuzu mu gihe co gutera.

Ikintu ca Kaolin

Ibumba rya Kaolin ni co kintu nyamukuru gikoreshwa mu bikoresho vy’isuku vy’ibara ry’agahama. Uburyo bwayo bupimwa n’ibintu bibiri:

• Ubupulasitike:Ubushobozi bw’ibumba bwo gufata ishusho mu gihe co kubumbabumba ata co busaduka. Kaolin ifise uburemere bwinshi-, ikomoka ahanini mu bibanza vy’ubumara bwo mu ntara za Guangdong na Fujian mu Bushinwa, itanga umubiri w’icatsi kibisi gikomeye cane ufise utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto inyuma y’aho yumiye.
• Ivyuma birimwo:Ivyuma bihumanye biri mw’ibumba ritagira ibara bitera ibara ihinduka mu gihe co gutera - amabara y’umuhondo canke y’inzobe aboneka munsi y’ibara. Kaolin nziza cane irimwomunsi ya 0.5% y'icuma. Abahinguzi b’ibintu bihenda-bakoresha ibumba rifise 1,5–2% vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma maze bagasubiza inyuma n’ivyuma vyinshi kandi bitaboneka neza bipfuka utunenge aho kutukuraho.

Gunyerera guhuza n'ugucungera gutera

Igipimo c'uruvange - hafi65% vy'amabuye y'agaciro, 25% vy'amabuye y'agaciro, na 10% vy'amabuye y'agaciro- igena uburemere bw'umubiri waturiwe. Feldspar ikora nk’umuyagankuba, igabanura aho silika ishobora gushonga kugira ngo itere imbere mu guhinduka nk’ibirahuri. Quartz itanga ubutungane bw’imibumbe n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’uguhungabana kw’ubushuhe.

2. Uburyo bwo gutera ubushuhe burengeye degre 1200 +

Nimba uguhitamwo ibikoresho vya mbere ari wo mushinge, gutera umuriro mu furi ni uguhindura. Aho ni ho ibumba rihinduka vitreous china - kandi ni ho hagaragara itandukaniro rinini ry’uburyo hagati y’abahinguzi.

Kubera iki degre 1280 ari yo nzira

Imibiri y'ivyuma yarashwe munsiDegre 1200kuguma ari igice-ikiyo. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bita silika n’ivyo bita feldspar ntivyahuye neza, bikaba bisigaye utuvungukira dutoduto dufatanye mu mubiri wose. Izo nzira zinywa amazi, zigabika imigera, zigakura mu gihe c’ingendo z’ugukonja-ugukonja - bigatuma imiterere y’ibintu igenda irasenyuka uko igihe kigenda kirarenga.

KuriDegre 1280, umubiri ushika ku ntumbero yuzuye. Igipimo co kunywa amazi kigabanuka munsi ya0.2%, guhura n’aba .ISO 10545-30.ingingo ngenderwako y’ubushinwa bw’ibirahuri. Umubiri uba nk’ikiyo-: ntushobora guca mu mazi, ntaco ukora mu vy’imiti, kandi udahinduka mu bipimo.

Ifuru y'umugende n'ifuru y'indege

Ubwoko bw'ifuru buragira ico bukoze ku guhuza kw'ibicuruzwa:

• Amafuru y'imigende:Uburyo bwo gufungura bukomeza-aho amagare y’ugutera agenda aciye mu karere k’ubushuhe bugenzuwe - akarere k’imbere y’ugushuha (200–600 degrees ), akarere k’ugutera (1280 degrees peak), n’akarere k’ugukonja. Igicuruzwa cose gifise amateka y’ubushuhe asa n’ayo. Uguhinduka hagati y’ibice ni uguke.
• Amafuru y'indege:Batch-uburyo bwo gukora aho ubushuhe buduga bukagwa mu cumba gipfutse. Ugukwiragizwa kw’ubushuhe ntiguhuye cane. Ibintu biri hafi y’ibibanza vy’ibituriro birasha cane kuruta ibintu biri hafi y’umuryango. Uguhinduka hagati y’ibice bishobora gushika ku 2–3% vy’itandukaniro ry’ingero.

Ku bijanye n'ubwiherero bw'agaciro kanini-, uguhuza ingero ni ikintu gihambaye cane. Igitereko c’umwobo gikevya na 3mm mu kibanza co gusohokamwo ntikizojanye n’uruzitiro rwo hasi mu gihe co gushiramwo.Gutera umuriro mu nzira y’amazi birakuraho iyo ngorane.

Igishushanyo ca 2:Ingero y'uburebure bw'ibara n'igerageza ry'ubukomezi bwa Mohs muri laboratwari ya QC

3. Igerageza ry'uburebure bw'ibara n'imirongo

Iryo glaze ni ryo ry’intango ry’ivyo bikoresho vy’isuku ryikingira ibitero vy’imiti, ugushavura kw’umubiri be n’uguhumana kw’ibinyabuzima. Uburyo bwayo bugenwa n’uburemere, ubukomezi, n’ukwifatanya - vyose bishobora kugenzurwa biciye mu bipimo bihuye.

Uburebure buke bw'ibara: 1.2mm

Ikoreshwa ku rwego rwa bisque - inyuma y’ugutera ubwa mbere ariko imbere y’ugutera kw’ibara ry’agahama - igice c’ibara ry’agahama gitegerezwa kugera ku gipimo c’uburebure bumwe bukeyi bwa 100.000.1.2mmku bibanza vyose bibonetse. Sub-1.0mm glaze thickness ni ingero isanzwe yo kugabanya igiciro mu guhingura ibikoresho vy’isuku, kandi ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru y’ugusenyuka kw’ibikoresho mbere y’igihe.

Kubera iki 1,2mm?Amategeko y’ubudandaji yo gusukura akoresha ibikoresho bikuramwo aside (pH 2–3) bica ibice ku bipande vy’ivyuma mu gihe c’igihe. Ibara ry’umuhondo ry’iminota 1,2 ritanga nk’Imyaka 10-15y’ubudahangarwa bw’imiti mu gihe c’isuku ry’ubudandaji ry’umusi ku musi. Igipande c’ibara ry’agahama c’iminota 0,8 kirananirwa muri 2019.Imyaka 3-5.

Mohs Ubukomezi n'Uguhangana n'Imikovu

Igipande c’ibara ry’umuriro gikwiye gushika ku bukomezi bukeyi bwa6 ku rugero rwa Mohs- ikomeye kuruta ivyuma bitagira ibara (4–5) kandi idashobora gukororwa n’ibikoresho vyo gusukura vy’ivyuma, ibikoresho vyo gukaraba, no gukorana n’imfunguruzo canke umukanda mu bibanza vy’isuku rya bose.

Ibara -Ubutungane

Igiharuro c'uburyo gisaba mu buryo bw'ubuhinga niibara ryiza- ubushuhe bwo kwaguka hagati y'igice c'ibara ry'agahama n'umubiri w'ibara ry'agahama. Iyo iyo glaze yagutse kuruta umubiri, iragira ubushobozi bwo gufatanya bushobora kunanira gusaduka. Iyo umubiri wagutse kuruta ibara ry’umubiri, micro-crazing iraboneka - uruzitiro rw’imivyimba myiza ifata umwanda n’imigera.

Ivyiza vy’ibara ry’agahama bishikwako biciye ku kugenzura igipimo c’ibara ry’agahama -ku -quartz mu mubiri no mu mibumbe y’ibara ry’agahama, vyemezwa biciye kuIgerageza ry'ubushuhe: 10 degrees gushika kuri 93 degrees z’ingendo y’amazi, 500 z’ingendo n’imiburiburi, n’isuzuma ry’irangi ryinjiye inyuma y’ingendo yose.

4. Yingjie QC: Uko tugenzura igice cose c’ibikorwa

Ku Yingjie Bath, uburyo bwacu bwo kugenzura uburyo bukora ku buryo bwo kugenzura bufise inzego zitatu-bugenewe gufata amakosa aho akomoka aho gufata ku kivuko c’ubwato.

Urugero rwa 1: Igenzura ry'ibikoresho vya mbere biza

Ivyoherezwa vyose vya kaolin birageragezwa:

• Ugukwiragizwa kw'ubunini bw'ibice (isesengura ry'ugutandukana kwa laser)
• Ivyuma birimwo (X-imishwarara y'umuco,Muto canke bingana na 0.5% y'urugero rwo guca)
• Urutonde rw'ubuhinga (ikigeragezo c'imipaka ya Atterberg)

Ivyiyumviro birenze ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ivyuma vy’umuriro (iron oxide) biranka imbere y’uko binjira mu guhingura. Ivyo bikuraho umuzi w'uguhinduka kw'ibara ry'ibara ry'imbere.

Urugero rwa 2: Mu-Ibikorwa vyo kugenzura

Ifuru yacu y’umugende ifise ibikoresho .24-zone ubushuhe bugenzura. Amakuru yerekeye ubushuhe yandikwa mu bihe vy’amasegonda 60 mu kiringo cose c’amasaha 16 y’ugutera. Igihugu cose gica ku rugero rwo hejuru rwa ±5 degrees kiva ku 1280 degrees gica gitera inkengeri yikora kandi umukoresha agaca ahita agira ico akoze.

Inyuma yo gukonja, igicuruzwa cose gica muri:

• Igerageza ryo gufata amazi (uburyo bwo kwibika mu mwuka,Muto canke bingana na 0.2% y'urugero)
• Igenzura ry'ingero (ingero ya laser,±1.5mm kwihanganira)
• Gusuzuma amaso munsi y'umuco w'amalux 500 kugira ngo ubone utunenge two ku ruhande

Urugero rwa 3: Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa vyarangije

Imbere yo gushiramwo ibintu, dukoraAQL (Igipimo c'uburyo bwemewe)gutora ivyerekanwa kuri ISO 2859-1:

• Igenzura rusangi Urwego rwa II
• AQL 2.5 ku bibazo bikomeye, AQL 4.0 ku bibazo bitobito
• 100% igerageza ry'imikorere ku buryo bwo gusukura (igerageza ry'ubusa, guhagarara amasegonda 30)

5. Ivyo Itandukaniro ry’Igiciro Rigura Mu Vy’ukuri

MuItandukaniro ry'igiciro c'amadolari 75hagati y'umwobo wo ku rwego rwo kwinjira-n'umwobo wo mu rwego rwo hejuru -ikarita y'umwobo ushika kuri ibi bintu bine vy'uburyo:

Iciyumviro

Ivyuma vy'isuku vy'agaciro kanini -bisobanurwa n'izina ry'ikintu canke amafoto y'urutonde. Bisobanurwa naubusuku bwa kaolin, ubushuhe bw'ifuru, uburemere bw'ibara, n'uburemere bwa QC- ibintu bine bishobora gupimwa n'umugwi w'abaguzi ushobora kugenzura biciye mu nyandiko z'abaguzi.

Igihe uzogereranya ubwogero bubiri bw’ivyuma vyera ku bici- ro bitandukanye, urabe kure y’aho uri. Itandukaniro ririho ni .150 degrees y’ubushuhe bw’ifuru, 0.6mm y’uburebure bw’ibara ry’agahama, n’uburyo bwo kugenzura uburyo bufata utunenge imbere y’uko tuva hasi mu ruganda.

Ibibazo bikunze kwibazwa

Ikibazo: Ni ubuhe bushuhe bukeyi bwo gutera umuriro ku bushinwa bw’ibirahuri?

A: Degre 1280ni co kigereranyo c’inganda co guhindura amazi mu buryo bushitse, bikaba bituma amazi anywa munsi ya 0,2%. Ibintu vyaturiwe munsi ya degre 1200 biguma ari igice c’ibirahuri kandi bishobora gutera amabara no gusaduka.

Ikibazo: Noshobora gute kugenzura uburemere bw’ibarabara imbere yo kugura?

I: Gusabaumusaraba-igice raporo z'igerageza ry'imikorosikopibivuye ku muhinguzi. Uburebure bukeyi bw'ibara ry'agahama ni1.2mmni ngombwa kugira ngo ubucuruzi-bube buramba.

Ikibazo: Ni ivyemezo ibihe nkwiye kurondera igihe nshaka ibikoresho vy’isuku?

I: Kuri Amerika ya ruguru,cUPC; ku bwa Ostraliya,Ikimenyetso c'amazi; ku Buraya,G.C.. Ivyo bituma igikoresho gihuye n’amategeko agenga ivy’amazi yo mu karere be n’ibisabwa vyo kwishura.

Ikibazo: Ni kuki igipimo co gufata amazi gihambaye mu bwiherero bw’ivyuma?

A: Lower absorption (≤0.2%) means the ceramic body is non-porous, preventing bacterial growth, freeze-thaw damage, and permanent staining. Higher absorption (>0,5%) bituma umuntu ashobora gutsindwa mbere y’igihe mu bidukikije vy’ubudandaji.

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